Paper Details

Name: Mandeep Kaur Sekhon & Jagdeep Kaur
Country: India

Year: 2026
Volume: Volume No: 13, January, Year: 2026 (Special Issue)
Page Number: 11-15
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18933895

ABSTRACT
This literature review examines the fundamental concepts, applications, and advancements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), focusing on energy-efficient communication techniques using Single-Input Single-Output (SISO), Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO), Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO), and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. It highlights improvements in MIMO technology, explores energy models with MIMO, and evaluates performance metrics. The need for Virtual MIMO (vMIMO) is discussed, alongside strategies to make it energy efficient. A detailed comparison of vMIMO and traditional MIMO in terms of energy efficiency and an analysis of the challenges in implementing vMIMO in WSNs are provided. Suitable images and diagrams illustrate key concepts. The evolution of wireless communication technology has led to the development of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, which utilize multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends to improve communication performance. In recent years, Virtual MIMO (vMIMO) has emerged as a promising alternative, particularly in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where energy efficiency is paramount due to the limited battery life of sensor nodes. This paper provides a detailed comparison of virtual MIMO and traditional MIMO in terms of energy efficiency, along with the main challenges associated with implementing virtual MIMO in WSNs.

General Terms
This paper explores the role of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in enhancing real-time monitoring through energyefficient communication techniques, including MIMO and vMIMO. It focuses on the advancements in MIMO technology, need for vMIMO and its benefits and main challenges of implementing vMIMO in WSNs are analyzed. A comparison between traditional MIMO and vMIMO is provided, highlighting their architectural and operational differences.

Keywords: WSN, Traditional MIMO, vMIMO, MIMO vs vMIMO.